I’m assuming C is for compiled, V for virtual machine, I for interpreted.

Dart for sure is compiled, i think requiring a VM to run. It’s a bit weird, but definitely not interpreted, unless you transpile to JavaScript.

Also, couldn’t read the whole paper, but the numbers for Python are rather staggering. I remember reading on performance and there were massive differences between CPython, PyPy and a third one I can’t recall. And that’s surely to impact energy consumption.